一、什么是非谓语动词？
在英语句子中，一个简单句只能有一个谓语动词。如果还需要表达其他动作，就要用非谓语动词。
错误：I like swim and play basketball.（一个句子两个谓语动词）
正确：I like swimming and playing basketball.（用非谓语动词）
非谓语动词有三种形式：
| 形式 | 构成 | 特点 |
|---|---|---|
| 不定式 | to + 动词原形 | to do |
| 动名词 | 动词 + ing | doing |
| 分词 | 现在分词 / 过去分词 | doing / done |
二、三种形式对比表
| 形式 | 时间含义 | 主动/被动 | 主要功能 |
|---|---|---|---|
| to do | 将来/目的 | 主动 | 主语、宾语、状语、定语 |
| doing | 进行/一般 | 主动 | 主语、宾语、状语、定语 |
| done | 完成/被动 | 被动 | 定语、状语、补语 |
三、作主语的用法
特点：表示具体的、一次性的动作
To learn English well is important.
学好英语很重要。
To finish the work in one day is impossible.
一天内完成这项工作是不可能的。
It is important to learn English well.（更常用）
特点：表示抽象的、习惯性的动作
Swimming is good exercise.
游泳是很好的运动。（泛指游泳这项活动）
Reading aloud is helpful.
大声朗读很有帮助。
To swim in this river is dangerous.（指某一次）
Swimming is a good sport.（泛指游泳）
To give is better than to receive.（抽象道理）
Giving help brings happiness.（泛指行为）
四、作宾语的用法
want, hope, wish, decide, plan, agree, refuse, promise, manage, fail, afford, learn, offer
I want to buy a new book.
He decided to study abroad.
She promised to help me.
enjoy, finish, practice, mind, suggest, consider, avoid, admit, imagine, miss, risk, resist
I enjoy listening to music.
He finished writing the letter.
Would you mind opening the window?
| 动词 | to do | doing |
|---|---|---|
| remember | 记得去做（未做） | 记得做过（已做） |
| forget | 忘记去做（未做） | 忘记做过（已做） |
| stop | 停下来去做另一件事 | 停止正在做的事 |
| try | 努力/试图做 | 尝试做（试验） |
| mean | 打算做 | 意味着 |
| regret | 遗憾要做（未做） | 后悔做过（已做） |
Remember to turn off the lights.（记得去关灯——还没关）
I remember turning off the lights.（我记得关了灯——已关）
He stopped to smoke.（停下来去抽烟——停下来，然后开始抽）
He stopped smoking.（停止抽烟——正在抽，不抽了）
五、作定语的用法
特点：表示将来的动作，常放在被修饰词后面
I have a lot of work to do.
我有很多工作要做。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave.
他总是第一个来，最后一个走。
I need a pen to write with.
我需要一支笔写字。（注意介词不能省略）
特点：表示主动、正在进行的动作
The man standing at the door is my teacher.
站在门口的那个人是我老师。
Do you know the girl swimming in the pool?
你认识在泳池里游泳的那个女孩吗？
特点：表示被动、完成的动作
The book written by Lu Xun is famous.
鲁迅写的那本书很有名。
Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa.
被邀请参加聚会的艺术家大多来自南非。
六、作状语的用法
功能：表示目的、结果、原因
目的状语：He came here to see you.
他来这里是为了见你。
结果状语：He woke up to find everybody gone.
他醒来发现所有人都走了。
原因状语：I'm glad to hear the news.
听到这个消息我很高兴。
功能：表示时间、原因、条件、伴随
时间状语：Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
听到这个消息，他们都高兴得跳了起来。
原因状语：Being ill, he didn't go to school.
因为生病，他没去上学。
伴随状语：He sat there, reading a newspaper.
他坐在那里看报纸。
功能：表示被动、完成
Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.
从山上看，这座城市很美。（城市被看）
Given more time, I could do it better.
如果给更多时间，我能做得更好。（我被给时间）
七、高考常考搭配
| 搭配 | 含义 | 例句 |
|---|---|---|
| can't help doing | 忍不住做 | I can't help laughing. |
| feel like doing | 想要做 | I feel like eating something. |
| look forward to doing | 期待做 | I look forward to meeting you. |
| devote...to doing | 致力于 | He devotes himself to teaching. |
| be used to doing | 习惯于 | I'm used to getting up early. |
| used to do | 过去常常 | I used to play basketball. |
| be busy doing | 忙于做 | He is busy preparing for the exam. |
| have difficulty doing | 做某事有困难 | I have difficulty solving this. |
| spend time doing | 花时间做 | I spend two hours reading daily. |
| prevent/stop/keep...from doing | 阻止……做 | Stop him from making mistakes. |
八、易混辨析
Having finished his homework, he went out to play.
完成作业后，他出去玩了。（强调先后顺序）
Finished his homework, he went out to play. ❌
（done 不能表示主动完成，除非用 having done）
The problem to be discussed tomorrow is important.
明天要讨论的问题很重要。（将来被动）
The problem being discussed now is important.
现在正在讨论的问题很重要。（正在进行被动）
九、练习题
🧠 选择填空
- I can't help _______ (laugh) when I hear the joke.
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laughing（can't help doing 忍不住做） - He is looking forward to _______ (meet) you.
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meeting（look forward to doing 期待做） - The book _______ (write) by Mo Yan is popular.
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written（被动完成，用过去分词） - ______ (see) from the top, the city is beautiful.
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Seen（被动，用过去分词） - I remember _______ (turn) off the lights.
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turning（记得做过，用 doing）